Microsoft Excel 2007

Mengenal Elemen-elemen Microsoft Excel 2007

Microsoft Excel merupakan perangkat lunak untuk mengolah data secara otomatis meliputi perhitungan dasar, penggunaan fungsi-fungsi, pembuatan grafik dan manajemen data. Perangkat lunak ini sangat membantu untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan administratif mulai yang paling sedernaha sampai yang lebih kompleks. Contoh permasalahan yang lebih kompleks adalah pembuatan laporan keuangan (general ledger) yang memerlukan banyak perhitungan, manajemen data dengan menampilkan grafik atau pivot tabel atau penggunaan fungsi-fungsi matematis ataupun logika pada sebuah laporan. 

SISTEM PERNAPASAN MANUSIA

1. Pernapasan Dada
Pernapasan dada berlangsung dalam 2 tahap, yaitu :
Inspirasi, terjadi bila otot antar tulang rusuk luar berkontraksi, tulang rusuk terangkat, volume rongga dada membesar, paru-paru mengembang, sehingga tekanan udaranya menjadi lebih kecil dari udara atmosfer, sehingga udara masuk.
Ekspirasi, terjadi bila otot antar tulang rusuk luar berelaksasi, tulang rusuk akan tertarik ke posisi semula, volume rongga dada mengecil, tekanan udara rongga dada meningkat, tekanan udara dalam paru-paru lebih tinggi dari udara atmosfer, akibatnya udara keluar.

2. Pernapasan perut
Pernapasan perut berlangsung dalam dua tahap, yaitu :
Inspirasi, terjadi bila otot diafragma berkontraksi, diafragma mendatar mengakibatkan volume rongga dada membesar sehingga tekanan udaranya mengecil dan diikuti paru-paru yang mengembang mengakibatkan tekanan udaranya lebih kecil dari tekanan udara atmosfer dan udara masuk.
Ekspirasi, diawali dengan otot diafragma berelaksasi dan otot dinding perut berkontraksi menyebabkan diafragma terangkat dan melengkung menekan rongga dada, sehingga volume rongga dada mengecil dan tekanannya meningkat sehingga udara dalam paru-paru keluar.
Pernapasan perut umumnya terjadi saat tidur.

The Deer and The Sea Snail

The Deer and The Sea Snail

Folklore from Maluku

A long time ago in a jungle in Aru Islands, Maluku, lived a group of deer. They were very proud of their ability in running very fast. They always stayed in different places. They challenged other animals in a running match. If the deer won the match, they took over the place and stayed there. Not far from the jungle, there was a beautiful beach. A group of sea snail lived there. The deer heard about the beautiful beach and planned to live there. They had a plan to challenge snails in a running match. They were very sure to win the match. Sea snails were slow in walking. “What’s the rule?” asked the leader of the sea snails after he heard about the challenge. “Do you see all the capes there? There are twelve capes, from here until there,” the deer leader pointed the capes. The distance between one cape to another was very far.

The Golden Antelope

The Golden Antelope

Folklore from Wst Java

There was an old and poor man lived alone in the jungle. His wife passed away years ago and he did not have any children. Everyday he collected some woods and sold them in the village.

One day, the old man saw a beautiful antelope. The antelope was different from other antelopes. The color of the skin was golden. The old man walked slowly towards the antelope. The antelope looked very weak. He then gave the antelope some food.

KELAINAN DAN PENYAKIT PADA SISTEM PENCERNAAN MANUSIA

Beberapa kelainan dan penyakit yang dapat terjadi pada alat-alat sistem pencernaan antara lain:

1. Parotitis 

Penyakit gondong yaitu penyakit yang disebabkan oleh virus yang menyerang kelenjar air ludah di bagian bawah telinga, akibatnya kelenjar ludah menjadi bengkak atau membesar.

2. Xerostomia

Xerostomia adalah istilah bagi penyakit pada rongga mulut yang ditandai dengan rendahnya produksi air ludah. Kondisi mulut yang kering membuat makanan kurang tercerna dengan baik.

3. Tukak Lambung

Tukak lambung terjadi karena adanya luka pada dinding lambung bagian dalam. Maka secara teratur sangat dianjurkan untuk mengurangi resiko timbulnya tukak lambung.

Resensi Novel Harry Potter sarta Batu Bertuah (Harry Potter and The Sorcerer Stone

IDENTITAS BUKU
Judul buku     : Harry Potter sarta Batu Bertuah (Harry Potter and The Sorcerer Stone)
Pengarang     : J.K. Rowling
Penerjemah    : Listiani Srisani
Penerbit        : PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama
Warsih medal : 2000
Kandel          : 384 halaman

SINOPSIS

“Anak anu Tahan Hirup”

Harry junun salamet ti pembunuhan anu baris dipigawé musuh kolotna, Lord Voldemort. Padahal umurna kakara 1 warsih.

Harry cicing di imah mamang sarta bibina di Privet Drive no. 13 salila 11 warsih. Tapi slama éta Harry tacan kungsi diperlakukan meujeuhna ku mamang sarta bibina. Maranéhanana boga anak ngaranna Dudley-yang super duper besar-dudley ogé sarua kawas kadua kolotna.

SEL

Macam Sel Berdasarkan Keadaan Inti

Struktur sel prokariotik lebih sederhana dibandingkan struktur sel eukariotik. Akan tetapi, sel prokariotik mempunyai ribosom (tempat protein dibentuk) yang sangat banyak. Sel prokariotik dan sel eukariotik memiliki beberapa perbedaan sebagai berikut :

Sel Prokariotik
- Tidak memiliki inti sel yang jelas karena tidak memiliki membran inti sel yang dinamakan nucleoid
- Organel-organelnya tidak dibatasi membran
- Membran sel tersusun atas senyawa peptidoglikan
- Diameter sel antara 1-10mm
- Mengandung 4 subunit RNA polymerase
- Susunan kromosomnya sirkuler

Lutung Kasarung

Lutung Kasarung 

Folklore from West Java

PRABU Tapa Agung was an old king. He had two daughters, Purbararang and Purbasari. Prabu Tapa Agung planned to retire as a king. He wanted Purbasari to replace him as the leader of the kingdom. Hearing this, Purbararang was angry.

"You cannot ask her to be the queen, Father. I'm older than she is. It's supposed to be me, not her!" said Purbararang. But the king still chose Purbasari to be the next queen.

Purbararang then set a bad plan with her fiance, Indrajaya. Together they went to a witch and asked her to put a spell on Purbasari. Later, Purbasari had bad skin. There were black dots all over her body.

The Parakeet King

The Parakeet King

Folklore from Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

In the jungle of Aceh, parakeet birds live peacefully with their wise king. However, now their peaceful life is disturbed. A hunter goes into their jungle and plans to catch them.

It's a beautiful morning. The parakeets and their king perch on a branch of tree. They do not know that the hunter is hiding. The hunter wants to catch the parakeets with his net.

The hunter throws his net towards the parakeets. Some parakeets and the parakeet king are caught under the net. The parakeets are scared but the parakeet king tells them what to do.

"Relax. I have a plan. We all pretend to be dead. When the hunter lifts the net up, we fly fast to the sky," advise the parakeet king. The hunter goes to his net. He is upset! He thinks all the parakeets are dead.

Relative Pronouns

relative pronoun	use	example
who	subject or object pronoun for people	I told you about the woman who lives next door.
which	subject or object pronoun for animals and things	Do you see the cat which is lying on the roof?
which	referring to a whole sentence	He couldn’t read which surprised me.
whose	possession for people animals and things	Do you know the boy whose mother is a nurse?
whom	object pronoun for people, especially in non-defining relative clauses (in defining relative clauses we colloquially prefer who)	I was invited by the professor whom I met at the conference.
that	subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in defining relative clauses (who or which are also possible)	I don’t like the table that stands in the kitchen.

Examples : 

1. A monk is a man. The man has devoted his life to God.
   A monk is a man who has devoted his life to God.
2. I have one black cat. His name is Blacky.
   I have one black cat, whose name is Blacky.
3. A herbivore is an animal. The animal feeds upon vegetation.
   A herbivore is an animal that feeds upon vegetation. 
4. Carol plays the piano brilliantly. She is only 9 years old.
   Carol , who is only 9 years old, plays the piano brilliantly.
5. Sydney is the largest Australian city. It is not the capital of Australia.
   Sydney , which is not the capital of Australia, is the largest Australian city.
6. We ordered a book. It was very expensive.
   The book we ordered was very expensive. 
7. This is a house. Jack built this house.
   This is the house that Jack built.
   
8. This is a bank. This bank accepted my identification.
   She is a bank teller. She helped us open an account.
   
9. This is the bank that accepted my identification.
   She is the bank teller who helped us open an account

.

Keong Emas ( The Golden Snail)

Keong Emas ( The Golden Snail)

Folklore from Central Java

PRINCE Raden Putra and Dewi Limaran were husband and wife. They lived in a palace. Prince Raden Putra's father was the king of the kingdom. One day, Dewi Limaran was walking around in the palace garden. Suddenly she saw a snail. It was ugly and disgusting. "Yuck!" said Dewi Limaran and then she threw it away into a river. She did not know that the snail was actually an old and powerful witch. She could transform herself into anything. The witch was angry to Dewi Limaran. The witch put a spell on her and changed her into a golden snail. The witch then threw it away into the river. 

PERSEBARAN FAUNA INDONESIA

Wilayah Indonesia memiliki kekayaan fauna yang sangat beragam. Keragaman fauna ini karena berbagai hal :

     1.   Terletak di daerah tropis, sehingga mempunyai hutan hujan tropis (trophical rain forest) yang kaya akan tumbuhan dan hewan hutan tropis.

     2.   Terletak di antara dua benua yaitu benua Asia dan Australia

    3. Merupakan negara kepulauan, hal ini menyebabkan setiap pulau memungkinkan tumbuh dan dan  menyebarnya hewan dan tumbuhan khas tertentu sesuai dengan kondisi alamnya.

      4.  Indonesia terletak di dua kawasan persebaran fauna dunia, yaitu Australis dan Oriental.

Karena berbagai kondisi tersebut maka wilayah Indonesia kaya akan keanekaragaman fauna. Berbagai jenis fauna yang meliputi :

        1.      Mamalia (lebih dari 500 jenis)

        2.      Kupu-kupu (lebih dari 100 jenis)

        3.      Reptil (lebih dari 600 jenis)

        4.      Burung (lebih dari 1.500 jenis)   
       5.      Amfibi (lebih dari 250 jenis)

Persebaran fauna dikelompokkan dalam 3 wilayah geografis yaitu fauna Indonesia Barat, fauna Indonesia Tengah dan fauna Indonesia Timur.

Gambar Wilayah Persebaran Fauna di Indonesia

Fauna yang terdapat di wilayah Indonesia Barat bertipe Asiatis, di wilayah Indonesia Tengah merupakan fauna khas/fauna asli Indonesia sedangkan wilayah fauna Indonesia Timur bertipe Australis.

PERSEBARAN FAUNA DI DUNIA

Wilayah persebaran fauna pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Sclater (1858) dan kemudian dikembangkan oleh Huxley (1868) dan Wallace (1876). Ada beberapa faktor alam yang mempengaruhi persebaran fauna di dunia yang bersifat menghambat, yaitu faktor-faktor fisik yang berhubungan dengan keadaan di bumi, misalnya :

     1.      perairan (sungai, danau, laut)

     2.      daratan (gunung, lembah, jurang, padang pasir dll) 

     3.      iklim (suhu, tekanan udara, kelembaban dll)

Alfred Russel Wallace mengelompokkan persebaran fauna di dunia menjadi 6 wilayah, yaitu :

 

Wilayah persebaran fauna di dunia